Understanding Huckels Rule

Understanding Huckel's RuleHuckel's Rule is one of the most important rules in Organic Chemistry. This rule actually explains a lot of information and the techniques that you are about to learn in an easy to understand way. Before reading this, you should be familiar with some of the concepts in chemistry. It will help you become more knowledgeable in Organic Chemistry.Huckel's Rule states that any reactions are regulated by the opposite charges of the atoms. This means that if you want something to happen in the reaction, the opposite atom should be the atom to react with. To put it simply, there are atoms that will accept or react with other atoms. As an example, the water molecule can be transferred from one glass to another and dissolve. The water molecule will take up an electric charge, which will result in the release of energy.Huckel's Rule also states that when you want a reaction to take place, there is always a net charge on the molecule. For example, when you want to diss olve a bond, the molecule will have a positive charge and there will be an equivalent amount of charge on the opposite side. The opposite reaction takes place and the solution is again dissolved.Huckel's Rule states that there are three categories of molecules. The first category are liquids, which contain two or more atoms. The second category are solids, which consist of only one atom. The third category is the gas molecules, which consist of one atom. Every material has its own category.Water is one of the main components in a reaction. When you dissolve a bond between atoms, the free electrons in the bond transfer to the atom and the bond is dissolved. As an example, the molecule is oxygen which is the atom with a negative charge. If you try to dissolve the molecule with nitrogen, the bond will not be dissolved and the hydrogen will form a bond with the oxygen.Nitrogen and oxygen are considering to be the same. Both the atoms have two electrons, which means that they will react with one another and the bond will be dissolved. When you are trying to solve a particular problem with a solution that has nitrogen and oxygen in it, you will find that hydrogen gas is formed.Carbon has a negative charge because it has one electron, which means that it will react with other atoms and bonds will not be dissolved. When you want to dissolve a bond, you will find that there will be a negative charge on the atom and a positive charge on the opposite atom. The opposite reaction will occur.When you add carbon dioxide to a solution, the bonds will dissolve and the carbon dioxide will form a solid. The liquid will be dissolved and the water will have a positive charge. When you are trying to solve a problem with a solid, you will find that the solution has a negative charge and the opposite reaction takes place.

Tips to Help your Kids Handle Exam Stress - ALOHA Mind Math

Tips to Help your Kids Handle Exam Stress 1 Like Exam time is upon us, and all parents know that it could herald some stress. Here are some easy tips to help kids handle stress of tests and exams, which would help ease our state of mind as well: Effective study and revision: Work out a study timetable for exam preparation, with inputs from your child. Their participation in planning ensures that they would be equally invested in being responsible and sticking to the study schedule. Encourage your child to be independent and study on their own as much as possible as it is unlikely that you would be able to spend hours every day sitting by their side. You could help them with the final revision if you think it’s necessary, but try to ensure that your child’s studying is not dependent on your presence. Pic source: http://bit.ly/1oSPwwz Taking breaks: Any study plan should include breaks after every hour or half-hour depending on the age and attention span of the child. This could just a 5- minute snack and water break or a longer one where he or she could do something completely for entertainment. Such breaks are essential for the study time to be effective, as your child would then be able to concentrate better while studying. Giving importance to food, fitness and sleep: Healthy food is a basic need for energy and focus at an intensive time like exam preparation. Ensure that you have nutritious snacks readily available for the child to pick up and eat when he or she needs an energy boost. A good amount of sleep has a positive impact on the child’s focus and attention span. Fitness and exercise should be a part of any child’s schedule and during exams they help blow off a lot of steam too. Minimize external pressure: Some children report that it is the additional pressure put on them by parents or family that stresses them out more than the actual exam preparation. Provide your child enough support and encouragement that they would feel at ease to share with you not just their successes, but any reasons for failures and bad performance as well. Our programs at ALOHA Math could help improve focus and attention span and make the job of exam preparation a lot easier on your child and you. About ALOHA Mind Math ALOHA Mind Math has been guiding children between the ages of five through 12 years to achieve academic excellence since 2007. The interactive learning process is proven to enhance a child’s math, reading and writing capabilities. The teachers also assist children in developing skills and abilities such as observation and listening that result in the overall growth of the child. ALOHA Mind Math is currently training children all over the United States of America with more than 150 centers. For more details on this unique program, please visitalohamindmath.comor search for the center closest to you by using our locatoralohamindmath.com/locations/.

Left Handed Children - Tutor Hunt Blog

Left Handed Children Are left handed children being let down at school? Are left handed children being let down at school?SchoolsThe Latin word for being `left handed` is Sinestro - a term which hardly carries complementary connotations. The early ancient Greek word for left means awkward, an ill-omen - while in many modern languages (English for example) right synonymously means correct: indeed - righteous. As recently as the 1980`s many teachers would try to `correct` students who had the temerity, or perhaps only the carelessness, to write with their left hand. A friend of mine who went to school around this time said her teacher would strike her left hand with a ruler, whenever her pen happened to be there. It is now understood that forcing a child to change their dominant hand can have an number of negative side effects, and (hopefully) the practice of so called `correction` has been expunged from the education system. Perhaps equality of handedness in the classroom has not yet been attain though - campaigners have recently claimed education ministers have not fully addressed the struggles left handed children face. They have said that children are `still penalised` for being left-handed, and have requested that they are given specific teaching to assist them. The most well known scholastic problem a left handed child faces is with handwriting - going from left to right over the page means that they both smudge what their have just written, while also obscuring their freshly penned words. This was likely more of a problem in the past though, when children were writing with fountain pens - the slow drying ink would take some time to dry, and pupils would be compelled to contort their hands as they wrote, dodging the words they had just written. In these days of biros and rollerballs the ink can be dry almost as soon as it touches the page. Penmanship itself may soon be a thing of the past of course, as we far more likely to use a keyboard (which is indifferent to handedness) than pen and paper. Calligraphy is fast becoming a lost art. Sir Peter Luff, former Conservative Minister has said `It`s bizarre kids in our schools are penalised because they happen to be left-handed. It`s bewildering successive governments have failed to act on this. It`s so easy to do. It`s about where you sit kids in class, how they hold their pen, it`s really easy and nothing happens.` The minister is himself left handed, and has suggested that the teacher training syllabus should include techniques on helping left handed pupils. `It`s about where you sit kids in class, how they hold their pen, it`s really easy and nothing happens. It`s bizarre kids in our schools are penalised because they happen to be left-handed. It`s bewildering successive governments have failed to act on this.` Mark Stewart has helped thousands of children via his Left `n` Write company, which sells a smorgasbord of left handed stationary to individuals as well as schools across the United Kingdom, while also offering training to teachers. He has expressed his frustration with the indifference of the education sector over this issue. `The Department for Education cannot speak with authority it has no numbers on how many children are left-handed, no way of knowing if it has any impact on likely educational attainment.` It is estimated that around 10% of the population are left handed. The Department of Education does not currently record comprehensive statistics, since it is not considered a disability. Interestingly it has been claimed that the percentage of prison inmates who are left handed may be as much as 20%. Of course this is not to suggest that the Latin term `Sinestro` is apposite after all - rather that, in Mark Stewart`s words:; `Early years education where children are struggling, making a mess of handwriting, they think this is a pain, no one knows how to sort it, they get low marks, low self-esteem, does it get in to a downward spiral?` Perhaps we are in the last generation of these problems. Many pupils already use computer keyboards in the classroom - not to mention typing up homework and coursework. When I was a teacher I was always relieved when presented with a clear and perfectly legible Times New Roman font to read and grade, rather than spidery cursive that sometimes reached into the illegible realms of hieroglyphs! Of course being left handed must not be any impediment to a child`s learning - and if a study can demonstrably show that this 10% are being let down, then action must be taken. 2 years ago0Add a Comment

Omega Ruby Moves Tutor Locations

Omega Ruby Moves Tutor LocationsThe Omega Ruby Moves Tutor offers an outstanding choice of activities for the families who would like to have a little fun. From traditional indoor/outdoor games, to the newer Mega Zoid Races, they offer many exciting activities that kids can enjoy.The Mega Zoid Races is a new twist on the classic Zoid game. To win, you must have the best combination of fighter and generator powered by a green orb that acts as the track. You can race up and down the tracks or you can race in a loop around the track.For the kids that really want to take advantage of this new twist, you can use a special tool called the Omega Ruby in the car. These are small, usually plastic toys and allow you to move the controls to speed up and slow down. What makes it so special is that it will reset the power of the racer when you stop moving. So instead of losing, you can keep going.If you are looking for a better experience, then you can actually purchase a Mega Zoid. This will com e with a special set of arms that allow you to pull in the Zoid while spinning and moving around in it. The Zoid can be released from the arms and you can pull it out of the tracks without having to stop your movement.Even better, some of these Mega Zoids come with a rope-like mechanism that lets you pull the body back into the tracks. When you do this, the kids can sit in the track while you continue the races.There are other activities that make for great amusement, such as the Aquarama Challenge. This involves you helping make waves for the fishes to come in. With this challenge, you will be working hard to help the fish make the waves and swim through the water.It is easy to find a variety of Omega Ruby Move Tutor locations online. There are many that are near where you live, so don't hesitate to visit them. The more of them you visit, the better chance you have of finding a location that you like.

Benefits of Student Athlete Tutoring

Benefits of Student Athlete TutoringThere are many benefits to student-athlete tutoring. It is the time when your child's school career begins and they could have a lot of advantages. With the right guidance, they can achieve excellence in their classes.In this era, in order to help your child excel, they need to be taught in a certain way. When your child has to undergo high school, you need to give them enough help so that they can succeed. You do not need to worry about them every day. It is necessary for your child to be able to go to school without being burdened with a lot of things.Tutoring does not only make your child learn, but it also helps your child to get new ideas, which could help them in his future. By allowing your child to participate in a lot of sports, there is no reason why they cannot learn something in those sports. They will be able to gain experiences and knowledge of what they need to achieve.The ability to do one-on-one lessons with a professional teacher, will make you an excellent teacher yourself. Your child will not feel embarrassed or scared to express their problems to you. You can also support them by taking them to a clinic when they may have problems that they are afraid to ask you about. They can learn from you will be able to teach them what they need to know.As a teacher, you need to be able to deal with different problems which can arise from students. Students often give you unpleasant comments, which can be very difficult to handle. You need to be able to handle these issues so that they will not repeat the same thing again.It is important that the student should be encouraged with all their sports, even if it does not work for them. Thesesports will help your child become better in other sports. This is how child athlete tutoring can have benefits for a whole school year.Many parents have been seeing the benefits of this form of instruction. You should also be able to help your child because of their participation in athletics so that they can be successful in school.

How to Help Your Child Transition to a New School

How to Help Your Child Transition to a New School The following piece was written by Liz Perelstein. Liz has been featured in our Admissions Expert series and is the Founder of School Choice International. Its the start of a new year. Whether entering Kindergarten, middle school, high school, or even a non-traditional entry year, many children are beginning a new era of their education. Transitions invariably are difficult, so you may see your child struggling socially or academically. To parents, this is painful. When my family moved to London for three years, my kids were in the middle of the 4th grade and the 6th grade. My daughter sat in the cafeteria for six weeks without talking to anyone, while my son was invited to play-dates and a sleepover party the first weekend. My daughter waited and watched, but ultimately made lifelong friends. In the end, my son went through four different social groups before he found his niche. Both styles are normal, and both children ended up fine. But I went through a great deal of anguish until they were settled. Having lived it firsthand, and seen thousands of children transition over the past 15 years, I have some strategies to help you feel mor e comfortable with the process of transition, and some tips for making your childs entry easier. What is natural for children in transition: 1.Young children may cry and children of any age may not want to go to school. 2.Children may revert to old behaviors and insecurities, which might take the form of difficulty separating from you, forming friendships, or academic confidence. This is temporary; when your child becomes more comfortable in the new setting, he will appear more like himself. 3.Within the classroom, children may jockey for position at the start of a new year, particularly in grades where many children are new. Insecurity doesnt bring out the best in children, who may appear aggressive or socially withdrawn until they find a friend. Seeing your child in either of these roles is difficult, but it should dissipate as she gains confidence. 4.Your child may not be available to make new friends if he has been separated from close friends in his former school. As much as you push, he may not want to enter the social environment for awhile. 5.Academically, your child may have lost ground over the summer and feel uncomfortable about this in a new school. She may be exposed to subjects, skills, or topics of study with which she is unfamiliar. A top student may find herself at a loss and not understand why. Here are some things you can do to ease the transition: 1.Talk to your child. Even if he appears reticent, he will hear you. Point out that transition is a process. Explain that you expect it to take time for him to adjust. Repeatedly point out the progress that he has made. It can be difficult for the one going through this to notice the progress. 2.Explain that it is natural to feel socially awkward, and that even the children who appear confident experience these feelings. 3.Make sure you communicate to your child that you are okay with her transitional behavior. She shouldnt feel like she has to take care of you; she wont talk openly about her feelings if she sees you suffer. 4.If your child is floundering academically, explain that this is normal in a new school and that it is not his fault. Once he recognizes that he has not had the preparation that his peers may have had, he will feel more comfortable. Let him know that you will do anything he needs to bring him up to speed, whether working with him in the evenings or getting a tutor until you have evened the playing field. 5.Steer your child toward activities that interest her or at which she excels. If she takes ballet, plays the piano, or plays soccer, find after school activities where she can show her skills. Preferably, these should be programs in which some new classmates participate. This will instill confidence and identify kids who share her interests. It is much easier to find common ground with others when you have something to talk about. 6.For young children, seek out mothers or fathers of other kids with whom you can arrange day trips or play-dates, and bring them together outside of school. Above all, maintain confidence in your child. S/he will pick up on your anxiety. Remind yourself of all of her strengths and his prior successes. Give him or her a boost by expressing, through words and your demeanor, that you know s/he is capable and will be successful in his or her new school. And then be patient *if transitional issues persist for an extended period of time or intensify rather than resolve, consult your school or a professional. VisitSchool Choice Internationalfor more information. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent the views of Varsity Tutors.

A Level French

A Level French French A Level: A Guide to Exam Success! ChaptersKnow the Curriculum Inside-OutPrepare a List of Avantages and Inconvénients for Each TopicHow to Expand Your French VocabularyHow to Improve Your Fluency in FrenchUsing A Level French Past Papers in Your RevisionChoosing your A level subjects is always a big decision which requires a lot of thought about the future.Taking an A level in French is a great option for anyone who wants to pursue a career in an international company, study a joint honours degree at university or simply immerse themselves in the culture of France and other French-speaking countries.There are lots of advantages to holding an A level qualification in the French language.For example, not only will you be able to communicate in a second language which happens to be one of the world’s most widely-spoken languages, you will also become more employable as language qualifications showcase your linguistic abilities and attest to your interest in global issues â€" and both of these things are highly valued by employers.So, if you’re a sixth form or college student about to sit your AS or A level exams and want some tips of effective revision methods for each part of your French exam so that you can feel confident on exam day, Superprof is here to guide you! Searching for a French course London will provide the most results. AnnieFrench Teacher 4.89 (9) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors CarolineFrench Teacher 5.00 (13) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors LowriFrench Teacher 5.00 (9) £90/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MarianneFrench Teacher 5.00 (8) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ThibautFrench Teacher 5.00 (3) £19/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AnnickFrench Teacher 5.00 (6) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors DéborahFrench Teacher 5.00 (10) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SamyFrench Teacher 5.00 (2) £100/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsKnow the Curriculum Inside-OutDuring your A level French course, you will cover a range of topics from beginner to intermediate to having a high level of proficiency in the language.These typically include subjects with a wide discussion around them and which will, therefore, help you to fully demonstrate your French skills when discussing them in both speaking and writing.Examples of the topics covered at A level include cybersecurity, diversity in society, the treatment of criminals and politics â€" so there’s plenty to be discussed!Although you may have chosen to study A level French because you want to improve your language skills, you need to remember that simply speaking good conversational French will not tick boxes when it comes to sitting exams.Examiners prescribe a wide range of controversial topics in order to give candidates a good chance to expand their vocabulary and to get used to debating in fluent French.The key to exam success in A level French is to get to know your topics inside out and back-to-front.This mea ns learning the key vocabulary for each topic as well as the debates and discussions around it.The French textbooks provided by exam boards are the best port of call when it comes to finding out what they want to see in your exam answers, as they provide vocab lists and other French resources which are relevant to each topic.Another great way to get stuck into your topics is to find news articles which are directly related to them. Doing this will show examiners that you have a genuine interest in the topic and give you more to talk about in your exam responses than the resources provided by the exam board alone.Prepare a List of Avantages and Inconvénients for Each TopicThe topics you will study as you work towards your AS and A level French qualifications are chosen because of their controversial nature. This is because highly debatable topics increase the chances of a meaningful discussion in which you can use your French language skills to the best of your ability.A level Frenc h teachers and students everywhere recommend that students create and memorise tables of avantages and inconvénients (advantages and disadvantages) for each topic studied.This means that when you are presented with a question on a certain topic or are asked to argue one side or another, you are equipped with the necessary knowledge and vocabulary to produce a good response to the question, regardless of your personal stance on the subject.Good revision techniques are vital ¦ source: VisualhuntCreating flashcards around the advantages and disadvantages of an issue is a great way to revise for speaking exams in particular, as it means that you will have a stock of ideas when asked about a certain subject â€" even if they’re only simple, you can develop them later on.Once you’ve got the hang on the avantages and inconvénients related to each topic, you’ll be able to focus on how you present them in terms of grammatical structures and vocabulary to achieve academic success in y our A level French! AnnieFrench Teacher 4.89 (9) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors CarolineFrench Teacher 5.00 (13) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors LowriFrench Teacher 5.00 (9) £90/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MarianneFrench Teacher 5.00 (8) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ThibautFrench Teacher 5.00 (3) £19/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AnnickFrench Teacher 5.00 (6) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors DéborahFrench Teacher 5.00 (10) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SamyFrench Teacher 5.00 (2) £100/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsHow to Expand Your French VocabularyLearning a wide range of vocabulary is a key part of learning any language.Expanding your vocabulary will give you the means to express yourself the way you want to, without being restricted by your lack of knowledge, as well as opening up opportunities to discuss all kinds of topics and improve your comprehension skil ls â€" however wild they may be!A wide vocabulary will help you on your way to becoming an advanced French speaker and improve your listening comprehension.But what is the best way to learn more French vocabulary? And how do you make sure that you don’t forget it?When studying at AS and A level, students use a range of French learning methods to learn and remember key vocab and phrases. While some approaches may suit one individual more than another, one piece of advice which suits everyone, regardless of revision method, is to keep it interesting!Having a bit of fun while you learn will only motivate you to keep going and push yourself further in your language learning.So, what are some interesting ways that you can expand your French vocabulary?Test yourself: Noting down new vocab as you learn it is a good start but testing yourself on what you know can keep you on your toes. Whether you do this by creating flashcards or having a friend test you from a list, testing yourself on your vocab will highlight what you already know as well as what you need to work on.Listen to French radio: If you’re someone who likes background noise, listening to a French radio station is not only a great way to pick up new and up-to-date vocab, but it will also help you keep track of the French news and music scene, too!Write a song: Ever wondered why you can remember every lyric to a song from 10 years ago but you can’t remember your key vocab? It’s to do with the way our brains work and muscle memory. Luckily, there is a fun way you can hack your brain and use this to your advantage by incorporating key vocab and facts into a song! It might sound silly a first, but this method has proven to be effective for many students in a range of subjects.How to Improve Your Fluency in FrenchFluency in spoken French is what sets apart GCSE French students from A level students.In A level speaking exams, examiners are not only looking for a wide range of vocabulary and a sound unde rstanding of the issues raised, they are also looking for a high level of fluency.At this stage in your study of French, you should be aiming towards a near-native level of pronunciation and fluency. Of course, you may still hesitate in your speaking or be stuck for ideas â€" but that’s okay! As long as you “think” in French, saying euh instead of erm, your speech will sound more natural and fluent overall.The key to achieving fluency in French is to get as much practice as you possibly can both inside and outside the classroom.This means surrounding yourself with the French language in the form of sound (such as watching French TV shows and listening to French radio stations), sight (reading French newspapers such as Le Monde) and conversations (speaking as much French as you can with your classmates as well as native speakers).You’ll find that your pronunciation will improve as you become more fluent in your speaking â€" but you have to put in the practice!One strange but effective old trick to improve your French speaking skills is to talk to yourself in French.Even practising your French skills while pegging out the washing will help! ¦ source: VisualhuntYou might feel slightly odd at first, but it won’t take long for you to feel more comfortable in French conversation and debate situations once you start doing this.Using A Level French Past Papers in Your RevisionIf you want to target your revision for a specific purpose, tackling the questions which have already been used in past exam papers is the best way to find out what kind of questions the examiners might ask in the real thing.A level French past papers from all of the main exam boards can be accessed online along with their mark schemes.By attempting questions at home and marking papers for yourself, you will easily be able to identify the areas you need to work on â€" and if you’re struggling to understand why an answer is incorrect, you can always approach your French teacher to exp lain it.Aside from helping you get to know the format of the exam, past papers can help you be more confident for the real thing. If you’ve completed several other papers in preparation for the real thing, what’s so bad about doing one more?

Learn ESOL Online Testing your Language Level

Learn ESOL Online Testing your Language Level The Best Online Quizzes and Questionnaires for ESOL Learners ChaptersGauge your English Level with Fun Quizzes!Take  a Cambridge English Level Test.Take the British Council’s Level TestTest Your Level with a TOEIC Level TestHow Can you Improve your English Grammar?Find English TextbooksImagine you woke up this morning and you wanted to evaluate your level in the English language before applying for a new job. Are you as good as you think you are or are you a bit rusty?Maybe you feel like you could do with improving your language skills, brushing up on your English grammar, or working on your listening so that you don’t get replaced by an intern in six months.Perhaps you annoyed your English neighbour and you need to work on your writing skills to write them an apology note to smooth things over. Maybe you could take them out for coffee or dinner?These are all good reasons to improve your English but you need to ask yourself how do you do it? Whether you choose to learn english online or on paper, there are plenty of quizzes and questionnai res to help you with your English.Here’s some of the best tools to help you evaluate yourself in English..

List of Electrolytes

List of Electrolytes List of Electrolytes Definition of an Electrolytes: An electrolyte is a substance that ionizes into positive and negative ions when dissolved in an aqueous solution. These free ions in a solution consists of the property of conducting electricity in the aqueous state. The strength of the electrolyte depends on its ability to disassociate and conduct electricity. There are basically three types of electrolytes: Strong Electrolyte: A strong electrolyte when dissolved in water forms a solution that is a very good conductor of electricity. This implies that a strong electrolyte is a solute that completely or near to complete dissociates into all its ions in the solution. At the same temperature a solution of strong electrolytes has greater vapor pressure than pure water. Strong electrolytes include strong acids, strong bases and ionic salts. Mentioned below in the table are few examples for strong electrolytes: Strong Electrolyte Name List of Acids HCl Hydrochloric acid HBr Hydro-bromic acid HI Hydro Iodic acid HIO4 Per Iodic Acid H2SO3 Sulphurous acid H2SO4 Sulphuric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HBrO3 Bromic Acid HBrO4 Perbromic Acid HClO3 Chloric acid HClO4 Per-chloric acid List of Bases LiOH Lithium Hydroxide NaOH Sodium Hydroxide KOH Potassium Hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium Hydroxide Sr(OH)2 Strontium Hydroxide RbOH Rubidium Hydroxide CsOH Caesium Hydroxide Mg(OH)2 Magnesium Hydroxide NaH2 Sodium Amide NaH Sodium Hydride List of salts NaNO3 Sodium Nitrate NaCl Sodium Chloride LiCl Lithium Chloride KCl Potassium Chloride CuSO4 Copper Sulfate KNO3 Potassium Nitrate CaCl2 Calcium Chloride CH3COONa Sodium Acetate NaHCO3 Sodium Bi-carbonate AgNO3 Silver Nitrate The dissociation of the strong electrolyte occurs in one direction, which implies it is not reversible. The below equation is mentioned in an aqueous state because a strong electrolyte conducts electricity only in an aqueous state. Cations and Anions: The ions can be classified into two types the cations and the anions. The cations are positive changed ions which are formed by the loss of electrons. The anions are negatively changed ions which are formed by gain of electrons. Here is an example showing the disassociation of NaCl in water. This gives rise to two ions the sodium cation and the chloride anion in an aqueous solution. The disassociation is not reversible as NaCl is a strong electrolyte. Weak Electrolyte: The electrolytes in which the solute does not completely dissociate in the solution is called a weak electrolyte. This implies in such solutions there are disassociated ions as well as molecules of the electrolytes. Therefore the weak electrolytes ionize less in aqueous solutions and conduct very less amount of electricity. Mentioned below in the table is a list of few weak electrolytes: Weak electrolytes Name Acids CH3COOH Acetic Acid H2CO3 Carbonic Acid H2CrO4 Chromic Acid HF Hydrofluoric Acid C6H5COOH Benzoic Acid HNO2 Nitrous Acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid H(C3H5O3) Lactic Acid (COOH)2 Oxalic Acid Bases NH3 Ammonia NH4OH Ammonium Hydroxide HCN Hydrogen Cyanide C5H5N Pyridine (CH3)2NH Dimethylamine (CH3)3N Trimethylamine C2H5NH2 Ethylamine C2H3N2 Glycine The disassociation of a weak electrolyte is usually an equilibrium equation. This is because the weak electrolytes partially disassociate into positive and negative ions. Mentioned below are two examples for the disassociation of a weak electrolyte: The Hydrogen cyanide when dissolved in an aqueous solution disassociates partially being a weak electrolyte. The HCN disassociates into a hydrogen cation and a cyanide anion in an aqueous state. The Ammonium hydroxide disassociates into an ammonium cation and a hydroxide anion in an aqueous state. Non-Electrolyte: A substance which when dissolved in water lacks ions due to which there is no disassociation is called Non-electrolyte. A non-electrolyte has no ionization therefore it cannot conduct electricity. Most non-electrolytes are polar or non-polar molecules as they dissolve in water as molecules but do not dissociate as ions. Non Electrolyte Name O2 Oxygen SO2 Sulphur dioxide CO2 Carbon dioxide CS2 Carbon disulphide CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride H2O Water CH3OH Methanol C2H5OH Ethanol C12H22O11 Sucrose C6H12O6 Glucose NH2CONH2 Urea CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane CH3H8O3 Glycerol Electrolysis: Electrolysis is the process of passing current through a solution of an electrolyte. In this process of electrolysis the negative and positive ions move towards their respective electrodes. The electrode attracts the ions of the opposite charge towards itself. Electrolytic cell: The Electrolytic cell, is where the process of electrolysis is conducted. The electrolytic cell consists of a beaker which is filled with the electrolytic solution. This cell is then connected to two conducting plates called the anode and the cathode. The anode is a positive electrode that extracts electrons from the negatively charged ions which are the anions. The cathode is a negative electrode that provide electrons to a positively charged ions called the cations. These two electrodes are connected to the D.C power supply terminals. The electric current enters through the positive electrode which is the anode passes through the electrolytic solution and leaves through the cathode. The process of oxidation which is the loss of electrons takes place at the anode. The process of reduction which is the gain of electrons takes place at the cathode. What exactly do the electrolytes do? A body cannot function without the electrolytes due to the important role they play in the cells. They regulate the nerve and the muscle function in the body. They help in maintaining stability in the cells and generate energy when required. They control the body hydration, the pH levels in the blood and the blood pressure. They responsible for rebuilding the damages tissues. The electric tissues in the body are muscles and neurons. Electrolytes activate these electric tissues by: o Extracellular fluid (The fluid outside the cells.) o Interstitial fluid (The fluid inside the cells.) o Intra cellular fluid. (The fluid between the cells.) The calcium (ca2+), Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) are required for muscle contractions. The kidneys and other hormones present in the body ensure the electrolyte levels are balanced in the body. Exercise helps in losing the ions such as sodium and potassium and retain the balance. Eating a balance food especially the fresh fruits and vegetables regains the lost sodium and potassium levels in the body.